The advertising of condoms Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

The publicizing of condoms - Term Paper Example Condom and pills are similarly well known as techniques for contraception according to information gathered by the Office for National Statistics (Daily Mail, 2009). This was the result of a  £5.2 million crusade by the Department of Health directed with the perspective on getting more ladies to convey condoms. Indeed, even in creating nations like Thailand condoms are 90% successful in forestalling HIV transmission (Hearst and Chen, 2004). In any case, in nations, for example, Botswana and Cameroon the offer of condom rose however so did the frequencies of HJIV transmission, in this manner proposing that condom use doesn't diminish HIV and AIDS transmission. No subtleties were accessible of who utilized the condoms. Along these lines condom use may be high among the overall population and low among those in high hazard. Once more, conflicting use prompts higher danger of HIV transmission. Condom advancement can be effective among business sex laborers in spite of the fact that elevating its utilization to the overall population is troublesome. A few condom-advancing systems have been utilized, for example, free conveyance among sex laborers and bringing down costs yet the best procedure has been social advertising. In Uganda utilization of condom was exceptionally low until social showcasing started in 1990s. The created and the creating nations had a similar reaction to the advancement of condoms †it would energize sexual action with condoms as opposed to support forbearance. This disposition influences commercial structure in this area. 2. Social promoting Social showcasing utilizes the four advertising Ps †item, value, arrangement and position †as is utilized for conventional items. For a worldwide system of the control of HIV social showcasing of condoms has been embraced as the k ey component (Cohen, Farley, Bedimo-Etame and Scribner, 1999). In the US when condom was unreservedly dispersed and promptly obvious and available through human services offices, the utilization of condoms expanded especially among those at a high danger of HIV and STIs. Condom social promoting in the US was seen as possible, satisfactory and a promising intercession that supported in diminishing the quantity of rates in STDs. There was moderately little resistance to the program from bunches that were customarily restricted to condoms. Social promoting for condoms is utilized both for HIV avoidance and family arranging. Selling condoms falls under social showcasing which isn't about intimidation or instigation. The social advertisers attempt to actuate change by applying the head of trade (Stead, Gordon, Angus, and McDermott, 2007). It perceives that the change must carry clear profit to the client. Social advertising likewise includes stages, for example, focusing on, situating an d detailing the showcasing blend as nonexclusive promoting. Social promoting is worried about government assistance of the general public and isn't intended to assist the association. This is the quintessence of social promoting. Social advertising has likewise been characterized as the precise utilization of promoting ideas and methods to accomplish explicit conduct objectives (Lefebvre, 2011). In created nations social promoting takes the course of convincing interchanges for

Vietnam How Australia Got Involved Essays - Vietnam War

Vietnam ? How Australia Got Involved 1. How was Australia engaged with Vietnam in 1965 ? In 1962 the Government of Australia chose, because of a solicitation from the South Vietnamese Government, to gracefully them with military guide. Around then, 30 teachers were sent to aid the preparation of the South Vietnamese guard powers. Informally, in 1962, troops were sent in to prepare the South Vietnamese and go about as a volunteer army. The Australian open was not made mindful of this until numerous years after the fact after the finish of the war in 1972. In 1965, the war was formally announced and the general population was made mindful of this through the media. During this time (1965 to 1972) Australia bolstered the US and South Vietnam. Be that as it may, Australia and the US were increasingly worried about the danger of a potential spread of socialism as opposed to the prosperity of the South Vietnamese. In 1965, induction was acquainted with the Australian open so as to give further help toward the South Vietnamese. This was not broadly bolstered by general society with numerous individuals declining to go to the war and being putt in prison for at least two years. 2. What were the reasons that Prime Minister Menzies gave that we ought to be battling in Vietnam ? Both Robert Menzies and Lyndon Johnson were happy to send in troops for one principle reason. Both Menzies and Johnson dreaded or were worried about a potential spread of socialism inside South-East Asia and even as far south as Australia. They were not very especially worried about the prosperity of the Southern Vietnamese. This is depicted further in ?For Australia's Sake' as a drawing of a socialist man battling in Vietnam with his shadow extending down nearly to northern Australia. Remaining on the terrain of Australia is Menzies pointing at the danger. On this there is a remark in the drawing, ? A dinky shadow has fallen over this piece of the world, coming to our very shores ?

Bruxism Causes and Treatment

Bruxism Causes and Treatment Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Print Bruxism Causes and Treatment By Kimberly Read Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 09, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 23, 2020 Marvin Fox / Moment / Getty Images More in Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Mania and Hypomania Depression Diagnosis Treatment In This Article Table of Contents Expand Symptoms and Complications Causes and Risk Factors Treatment View All Back To Top If you routinely grind or clench your teeth, you may also be experiencing symptoms ranging from headaches or facial pain to a temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder that can lead to its own host of health problems. Or you may be grinding without even realizing it: Lots of people clench and grind their teeth in their sleep and wouldnt notice unless a spouse or partner points it out. What may seem like an innocuous nervous habit is actually considered a medical condition called bruxism. Certain medications increase the risk of bruxism.?? So, a prescription change could be all it takes to ?resolve the condition. Other people may need more help, such as taking measures to relieve stress (people often grind their teeth when theyre nervous or under pressure) or wearing a mouth guard during sleep. Symptoms and Complications Most of the time, bruxism is not severe enough to cause major problems. When symptoms do occur they include: Facial painHeadachesâ€"tension headaches from day grinding and morning headaches for nighttime bruxismEarachesDamage to teeth: chips fractures, worn enamel, flattened tops, loose teeth  Teeth that are very sensitive to cold, heat, or pressureChewed places on the tongue or cheekNoise from the grinding or clenching that wakes your sleeping partnerTemporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders Causes and Risk Factors There are lots of reasons a person grind their teeth. These are the most common causes and risk factors for bruxism: Emotions.  Frustration, stress, tension, anxiety, and suppressed anger are all potential culprits.  Youth. Kids are more likely to grind their teeth than adults. In fact, sleep-related bruxism affects 15% to 40% of children compared to 8% to 10% of adults.??Medications.  Research shows that certain medications are known to cause bruxismâ€"in particular, some that are used to treat psychiatric conditions.?? Its thought that these drugs cause changes in the central nervous system that lead to teeth grinding and jaw clenching.  Examples of such medications include  antipsychotics  and antidepressants, particularly  selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors  (SSRIs) like Prozac (fluoxetine), Zoloft (sertraline), and Paxil (paroxetine).  Certain substances. Cigarette smoking, caffeine, alcohol, and recreational drugs all may increase the risk of bruxism, studies have found.??Genetics. Bruxism tends to run in families.??Certain medical, sleep, and psychiatric problems.  Disorders  associated with teeth grinding include  Parkinsons disease, dementia, gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD), epilepsy, night terrors, sleep-related disorders such as sleep apnea, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Treatment Bruxism is highly treatable. The key is to figure out whats causing you to grind your teeth and then target your treatment based on that.   Self-Care If your bruxism is causing you pain, try these steps at home to help: Dont chew gumâ€"this can make pain worse.Stay away from hard candies, nuts, steak, and other foods that are difficult to chew.Try to relax your face throughout the day. Self-massage may be helpful too: Feel for small, painful nodules called trigger points that can cause pain throughout your head and face.Manage stress. Do whatever you can to reduce your stress because stress makes bruxism worse. Take a bubble bath, go for a walk, or listen to your favorite music. Learn relaxation exercises such as mindfulness, deep breathing or meditation.Change your behavior. Discuss with your dentist techniques for practicing proper mouth and jaw positioning.  If you tend to grind in your sleep, dont have foods or beverages that contain caffeine before bed. Alcohol and smoking in the evening also can trigger bruxism worse.??Stay on top of your dental care so that your dentist can monitor any damage you might be doing to your teeth.Get plenty of sleep. Professional Help When chronic stress or anxiety is driving you to gnash and grind your teeth, it may be helpful to see a therapist. Once youve dealt with the issues that are causing your emotional distress you may find that your bruxism abates.   If other efforts fail to help you break the bruxism habit, biofeedback may be worth trying. This is  a method that uses monitoring procedures and equipment to teach you to control muscle activity in your jaw.   Mouthguards and Splints If youre a night grinder, a mouthguard, also known as an appliance or splint, may be helpful. Some fit over the top teeth, some fit over the bottom teeth. They may be designed to keep your jaw in a more relaxed position or to provide some other function. One such splint, for example, called the NTI-tss, fits over just the front teeth in order to keep the back teeth (molars) completely separated. This is based on the theory that most clenching is done on these back teeth. With the NTI, the only contact is between the splint and a bottom front tooth. In studies, the NTI-tss splint has been found to help prevent bruxism.?? Medications There is some evidence that certain medications may be helpful in managing bruxism. Muscle relaxants, and even Botox injections,?? have shown promise as temporary antidotes for teeth grinding teeth when its not caused by a medication. If your bruxism is caused by medication, your doctor may consider either changing your dose or putting you on a different medication.

Leadership and Change Management Assignment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2078 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Leadership and Change Management Executive Summary In the current milieu change occurs swiftly which directly influenced over the global financial crisis, global popularity and globalization do create diverse innovative trends and patterns in the competitive market to which organizations should adopt and adjust rapidly in order to effectively compete. Hence, less ability to adjust for changes would impact towards the organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s competitiveness in front of the competitors. Therefore the management of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"changeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ on organizational aspect should be commenced cautiously; in order to generate revenue to organizations. For instance; automobile brands as Ford, Chrysler, etc in United States were not willing for market changes, which led on Japanese brands as Toyota, etc to capture the competitive market, clearly illustrates the significances on changes. Moreover the key element towards the rapid global change process dwells due to globalization. The term globalization determines the à ¢ â‚ ¬Ã‹Å"integration of markets and economics.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Thus diverse scholars have emphasized their omniscient point on globalization. As to Professor C.K. Prahalad; Globalization is good as well ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s bad and Thomas Firedman elaborated that globalization is the core-reason to make the world-flat, though the novel à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The World Is Flatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ by Thomas Friedman, ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s clearly elaborated that the world has become flat due to the effect of the ten key-flatteners; supply-chain, outsourcing, off-shoring, when Netscape went public et-al. Moreover scholars as Dr. Noreena Hertz and Joseph Stiglitsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s view point on globalization, it is visible that globalization has impacted the world on the two aspects of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"goodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"bad,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ which has resulted the immense-effect of organizational changes. Nevertheless the model à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“leadership and change ma nagementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  hubs over the intricate features of leadership; in diverse cultures, resourcefulness, modernization and impending of leadership skills; in midst of effectual leadership tactics and change-perceptions were hyperbole. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"theory E and Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ signifies the levers of managing strategic changes in an organization comprehensively; though organizational managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s confrontations on organizational changes are structured on trepidation on monetary, competence, uncertainty, figurative, etc. However there are numerous processes on conquering resistance to change through scrutinizing the collisions, identification of matters. Therefore organizational managers and leaders are regularly confronted on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"discovering and minding latest-trails, thus à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“attributeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“skillsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  are the key elements that leaders and managers should compel on achieving organizational objectives. Table of Contents Executive Summary 1Introduction 1.1Scope of the assignment 1.2Introduction to BBC 1.2.1BBCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mission and vision 2The implementation of the Change Management Processes at BBC 2.1The recognition of need for change 3The role of leaders and managers in the change process 3.1Mr. John Birtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s tactic on change at BBC 4Conclusion References List of Diagrams Figure 1: BBC mission and vision, Source: BBC Annual Report (2012-13), Pg. 05 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Leadership and Change Management Assignment" essay for you Create order 1 Introduction 1.1 Scope of the assignment Fundamentally the core-endeavor of the assignment is to justify à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the leadership and change management practicesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“BBCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s implementation of an economic strategyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is elaborated on the aspects of BBCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s organizational culture, implementation of change, role of leaders and managers, the commencement procedure, antagonisms of failures and accomplishments. Mostly the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“extensive series of technological-changes, political ambiance towards BBC and the augmentation of key playersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and the key changes that the BBC management had to undergo during the 1992-2000 periods were thoroughly elaborated. Thereby the key argument of the assignment is to emphasizes the changes which BBC had to endure on the aspects of sustain in the British competitive environment is emphasized. Thereby the key argument of the assignment is to emphasizes the changes which BBC had to undergo on the as pects of business goals/objectives, management, structuring procedures, financial perspective, political-perspective, thus the leadership and change management practices which were commenced by BBC were diction through the use of theories of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Lewinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Change Management model, Mckinsey 7-S model, Kotterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s 8 step model et-al within the assignment. 1.2 Introduction to BBC The narration of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“British Broadcasting Corporationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (BBC) drives for more than ninety two years backward, which was formed in the 1922 by the late Mr. John Reith in the hearth of United Kingdom at the Broadcasting House London. Fundamentally BBC is in the industry of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"communal overhaul broadcastingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ which delivers service to the mass-market, through utilizing 40 languages, are exploited through the three key focal materials of; television, radio and online which swathes the key areas of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Televisionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  programmes as; BBC archives, natural history unit, Children BBC, BBC ALBA etc, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“BBC News clusterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  which presents latest details about recent events regionally, nationally and internationally, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“BBC Radioà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  which delivers music series, episodes as BBC Proms, BBC I IXtra, BBC Asian Network, BBC Philharmonic, etc, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“BBC Future Media à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  which convey new technological features as red Button and BBC online. (Annual Report 2012-13) Currently the organization is consisted within six major-plants in Belfast, Cardiff, Salford Quays, Bristol, Glasgow and Birmingham thus the current company-size of employees dwells around 23,000 which proudly bears the title as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"globes oldest public broadcaster and the prime anchor of the globes leading employees in number. Additionally BBC is segmented as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"public-service presenter,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ conversely BBC is maneuvered by the Royal Charter and an accord through the Home Secretary. Accordingly the total turnover of revenue in the fiscal year 2012-13 was  £5.102 billion while BBCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s prime aim is to accelerate in phrase of program à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“superiority, idiosyncratic, worth for customer capital, dole-out every audience, ingenuousness and intelligibility.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  BBC is design of providing lon g term growth with better innovations through the aid of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Atosà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ technology processers and Research and Development has lead the company towards continuous improvement under different innovations. For instance: In 2007 July, BBC utilized the DRM and peer-to-peer technology which hyperbole of the ability to cater past details through television and radio, of the past week for off-line exploit over a months-time. Nevertheless, BBC is highly concern on customer satisfaction, since BBC evaluation the daily recital on services through identifying and analyzing whether customers (audience) enjoys and appreciate BBC programmes, thus it would be justified the following way; 1.2.1 BBCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mission and vision Figure 1: BBC mission and vision, Source: BBC Annual Report (2012-13), Pg. 05 Moreover, BBC is embedded on diverse features on the aspect delivering superior service to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"audiences and employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ through allowing on constructing translucent and fair decision among employees (governance) which signifies the conceptual, interpersonal and technical skills which BBC managers and leaders are concerned. Thus BBC produces miscellaneous content to individuals at all age-generations and the ability to appreciate and identify audiencesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ needs and wants through approaching audiences through research and councils, emphasizes the core competencies of BBC in the midst of the competitors. 2 The implementation of the Change Management Processes at BBC 2.1 The recognition of need for change Fundamentally, the need of change was emerged at BBC in the early 1980, during the epoch continued achievements at the point where BBC was born as the globes escorting communal broadcaster, it instigated of been satisfied in the competitive business arena. In the late eras BBC was recognized as the finest broadcaster in the competitive industry and the mode BBC subsidized through the aid of obligatory à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"warrant-feeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ hyperbole the image that BBC is monetarily sheltered. Through positive intentions on the minds of BBC management the contemplation towards the business was lessen, but at the situation which the climax period was dawn to BBC due to the continuous changes in the world; BBC had to undergo diverse arrays of imperative predicaments which comprised; 3 The role of leaders and managers in the change process Basically à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“organizational managersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  determines as a methodical structure of acquaintance; pedestal on broad standards, perceptions, hypothesis and procedures inconsistent in tenures of trade activities in organizations. While à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“organizational leadersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  demonstrates the aptitude to instigate self-assurance and sustain amongst individuals who required necessitates accomplishing managerial aspirations. For example; late CEO of Nawaloka Group, Mr. Dharmadasa is a legendary business leader in the Sri Lankan history. Additionally the management styles may vary according to the nature of the country as well. Since in Poland the management mode relies over the business nature and the size of the organization, whereas American managers are much more hierarchically managed clearly illuminate the different approaches of managements around the world. According to Andre Laurentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1978) discernment to Fayolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ „ ¢s model of organization as a pyramid of individuals with both personal power and formal rules as principles of coordination the survey which was commenced by Laurent exhibited that French managers were against the concept of organizational employees could report to two different bosses, whereas Swedish and U.S. managers has elaborated less hesitations towards the above concept could be elaborated as the cross-cultural managerial and leadership approaches. Consequently, to the BBCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s situation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Mr. John Birtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  could be illustrated as a key-leader over the change management process. Mr. Birt was appointed as the BBC Director General in 1992 and at that-time Mr. Birt emphasized BBCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s organizational culture as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"manner of imperialismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ which embalmed a negative aspect to the organization and the lessen employment utilization and many more down-falls were pin-pointed by Mr. Birt which the thought of change-management was overwhelmed on Mr. Birt. Hence Mr. Birt introduced essential-modifications to BBC promptly, on the aspect of surviving in the competitive business arena, since the impacts from competitors, technological and political aspects frankly juxtaposition BBC in the broadcasting industry. 3.1 Mr. John Birtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s tactic on change management at BBC On the aspect of surviving in the broadcasting industry Mr. John Birt pioneered a series of sturdy changes. The first change which was commenced by Mr. Birt was to set a proper mission as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"to make BBC the finest coped business in the public segmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and the program quality and standard was embedded as the core-value of BBC. Hence the period Mr. Birt was allotted; it was unfeasible on resolving the situation of the total amount that the organization has to bear on producing a TV/radio program or else to exploit an own-studio of BBC. Since the organization had to face a financial crisis at the beginning of the implementation. Thereby it is evident that Mr. Birtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s approach of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"transformational changeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ through the establishment of the new mission to the organization. Since, Mr. Birt was concerned on formulating BBC as a highly efficient organization. Therefore Mr. Birt commenced a strategic approach known as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"product choiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ tactical change which constructed an interior advertises which altered the further supremacy on BBC program developers to directors and accountants through the utilization of the Kurt Lewinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1950) change management model. The three key elementary steps of unfreeze, transition and refreeze approaches were visible on the above illustrated instances. Since Mr. Birt methodically unfreeze the program-developers mind and molded them into positions as managers and accountants through the applicable modes and refreeze the former program-developers as managers. Through the exercise of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"producer choiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ strategic approach, BBCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s units befallen into expenditure-axis which were to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"break-even,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ hence BBC manufacturers utilized to diminish the total expenditure on developing TV, Radio programs through the subordinate of the peripheral suppl iers. For instances, a situation as BBC may endow with higher expenditure effectual overhaul rather than internal sources. Furthermore, Mr. Birtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s leadership approach on change of apex-down coerced on innovative organizational structures and technological systems within BBC which lacerated the expenditure on developing diverse broadcasting programs, which was a significant potency towards the BBCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operation. However, Mr. Birtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s change towards BBC escorted on employee redundant of more than 10,000 created a black-image to the organization, thus the collision which the changes impacted not only to employees but to employees family members and to their life-styles. Thus following facts could be included as the negative impacts which occurred due to changes; The direct collision to BBC employees under the cultural reinforcement, since different cultured employees from different regions in the world, different races, religions and family backgrounds were recruited and the decision making ability towards organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s problem/issues were decentralized as earlier the decision making ability was centralized to the strategic level of the organization et al facts could be elaborated as the opposition which occurred due to the completion of the economic strategy by Mr. Birt. 4 Conclusion References Sally Wehmeier, Colin Mclntosh, Joanna Turnbull, 2005, Oxford Advanced Learnerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Dictionary, 7th edition, Oxford University Press. Svend Hollensen, Essentials of Global Marketing: Johanson and Vahlne (1990), The Uppsala International Model, British Library Cataloguing-in-publication data. Trading Economy, 2014, India total disposable personal income, [Online] available https://www.tradingeconomics.com/india/disposable-personal-income Richard Dobbs, Sven Smit, James Manyika, Jonathan Woetzel Yaw Agyenim- Boateng, Urban world: The shifting global business landscape, October 2013, McKinsey Global Institute, [online], Available; www.mckinsey.com/mgi CT/CBABM/08/03Page 1

The Vampire Diaries The Struggle Chapter Eight Free Essays

string(50) " his step and avoided his eyes when he came near\." â€Å"What?† said Elena dully. â€Å"Well, the way she ended up, in her slip. She looked just like she did when we found her on the road, only then she was all scratched up, too. We will write a custom essay sample on The Vampire Diaries: The Struggle Chapter Eight or any similar topic only for you Order Now † â€Å"Cat scratches, we thought,† said Meredith, finishing the last bite of her cake. She seemed to be in one of her quiet, thoughtful moods; right now she was watching Elena closely. â€Å"But that doesn’t seem very likely.† Elena looked straight back at her. â€Å"Maybe she fell in some brambles,† she said. â€Å"Now, if you guys are finished eating, do you want to see that first note?† They left their dishes in the sink and climbed the stairs to Elena’s room. Elena felt herself flush as the other girls read the note. Bonnie and Meredith were her best friends, maybe her only friends now. She’d read them passages from her diary before. But this was different. It was the most humiliating feeling she’d ever had. â€Å"Well?† she said to Meredith. â€Å"The person who wrote this is five feet eleven inches tall, walks with a slight limp, and wears a false mustache,† Meredith intoned. â€Å"Sorry,† she added, seeing Elena’s face. â€Å"Not funny. Actually, there’s not much to go on, is there? The writing looks like a guy’s, but the paper looks feminine.† â€Å"And the whole thing has sort of a feminine touch,† put in Bonnie, bouncing slightly on Elena’s bed. â€Å"Well, it does,† she said defensively. â€Å"Quoting bits of your diary back at you is the kind of thing a woman would think of. Men don’t care about diaries.† â€Å"You just don’t want it to be Damon,† said Meredith. â€Å"I would think you’d be more worried about him being a psycho killer than a diary thief.† â€Å"I don’t know; killers are sort of romantic. Imagine your dying with his hands around your throat. He’d strangle the life out of you, and the last thing you’d see would be his face.† Putting her own hands to her throat, Bonnie gasped and expired tragically, ending up draped across the bed. â€Å"He can have me anytime,† she said, eyes still closed. It was on Elena’s lips to say, â€Å"Don’t you understand, this isserious ,† but instead she hissed in a breath. â€Å"Oh,God ,† she said, and ran to the window. The day was humid and stifling, and the window had been opened. Outside on the skeletal branches of the quince tree was a crow. Elena threw the sash down so hard that the glass rattled and tinkled. The crow gazed at her through the trembling panes with eyes like obsidian. Rainbows glimmered in its sleek black plumage. â€Å"Why did yousay that?† she said, turning to Bonnie. â€Å"Hey, there’s nobody out there,† said Meredith gently. â€Å"Unless you count the birds.† Elena turned away from them. The tree was empty now. â€Å"I’m sorry,† said Bonnie in a small voice, after a moment. â€Å"It’s just that it all doesn’t seem real sometimes, even Mr. Tanner’s being dead doesn’t seem real. And Damon did look†¦ well, exciting. But dangerous. I â€Å"And besides, he wouldn’t squeeze your throat; he’d cut it,† Meredith said. â€Å"Or at least that was what he did to Tanner. But the old man under the bridge had his throat ripped open, as if some animal had done it.† Meredith looked to Elena for clarification. â€Å"Damon doesn’t have an animal, does he?† â€Å"No. I don’t know.† Suddenly, Elena felt very tired. She was worried about Bonnie, about the consequences of those foolish words. â€Å"I can do anything to you, to you and the ones you love,† she remembered. What might Damon do now? She didn’t understand him. He was different every time they met. In the gym he’d been taunting, laughing at her. But the next time she would swear that he’d been serious, quoting poetry to her, trying to get her to come away with him. Last week, with the icy graveyard wind lashing around him, he’d been menacing, cruel. And underneath his mocking words last night, she’d felt the same menace. She couldn’t predict what he’d do next. But, whatever happened, she had to protect Bonnie and Meredith from him. Especially since she couldn’t warn them properly. And what was Stefan up to? She needed him right now, more than anything. Wherewas he? It started that morning. â€Å"Let me get this straight,† Matt said, leaning against the scarred body of his ancient Ford sedan when Stefan approached him before school. â€Å"You want to borrow my car.† â€Å"Yes,† Stefan said. â€Å"And the reason you want to borrow it is flowers. You want to get some flowers for Elena.† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"And these particular flowers, these flowers you’ve just got to get, don’t grow around here.† â€Å"They might. But their blooming season is over this far north. And the frost would have finished them off anyway.† â€Å"So you want to go down south – how far south you don’t know – to find some of these flowers that you’ve just got to give to Elena.† â€Å"Or at least some of the plants,† Stefan said. â€Å"I’d rather have the actual flowers though.† â€Å"And since the police still have your car, you want to borrow mine, for however long it takes you to go down south and find these flowers that you’ve just got to give to Elena.† â€Å"I figure driving is the least conspicuous way to leave town,† Stefan explained. â€Å"I don’t want the police to follow me.† â€Å"Uh huh. And that’s why you want my car.† â€Å"Am I going to give my car to the guy who stole my girlfriend and now wants to take a jaunt down south to get her some kind of special flowers she’s just got to have? Are you crazy?† Matt, who had been staring out over the roofs of the frame houses across the street, turned at last to look at Stefan. His blue eyes, usually cheerful and straightforward, were full of utter disbelief, and surmounted by twisted, puckered brows. Stefan looked away. He should have known better. After everything Matt had already done for him, to expect more was ridiculous. Especially these days, when people flinched from the sound of his step and avoided his eyes when he came near. You read "The Vampire Diaries: The Struggle Chapter Eight" in category "Essay examples" To expect Matt, who had the best of reasons to resent him, to do him such a favor with no explanation, on the basis of faith alone, reallywas insane. â€Å"No, I’m not crazy,† he said quietly, and turned to go. â€Å"Neither am I,† Matt had said. â€Å"And I’d have to be crazy to turn my car over to you. Hell, no. I’m going with you.† By the time Stefan had turned back around, Matt was looking at the car instead of him, lower lip thrust forward in a wary, judicious pout. â€Å"After all,† he’d said, rubbing at the flaking vinyl of the roof, â€Å"you might scratch the paint or something.† Elena put the phone back on the hook.Somebody was at the boarding house, because somebody kept picking up the phone when it rang, but after that there was only silence and then the click of disconnection. She suspected it was Mrs. Flowers, but that didn’t tell her anything about where Stefan was. Instinctively, she wanted to go to him. But it was dark outside, and Stefan had warned her specifically not to go out in the dark, especially not anywhere near the cemetery or the woods. The boarding house was near both. â€Å"No answer?† said Meredith as Elena came back and sat down on the bed. â€Å"She keeps hanging up on me,† Elena said, and muttered something under her breath. â€Å"Did you say she was a witch?† â€Å"No, but it rhymes with that,† said Elena. â€Å"Look,† said Bonnie, sitting up. â€Å"If Stefan’s going to call, he’ll call here. There’s no reason for you to come and stay the night with me.† Therewas a reason, although Elena couldn’t quite explain it even to herself. After all, Damon had kissed Bonnie at Alaric Saltzman’s party. It was Elena’s fault that Bonnie was in danger in the first place. Somehow she felt that if she were at least on the scene, she might be able to protect Bonnie. â€Å"My mom and dad and Mary are all home,† Bonnie persisted. â€Å"And we lock all our doors and windows and everything since Mr. Tanner was murdered. This weekend Dad even put on extra locks. I don’t see whatyou can do.† She left a message for Stefan with Aunt Judith, telling him where she was. There was still a lingering constraint between her and her aunt. And there would be, Elena thought, until Aunt Judith changed her mind about Stefan. At Bonnie’s house, she was given a room that had belonged to one of Bonnie’s sisters who was now in college. The first thing she did was check the window. It was closed and locked, and there was nothing outside that someone could climb, like a drainpipe or tree. As inconspicuously as possible, she also checked Bonnie’s room and any others she could get into. Bonnie was right; they were all sealed up tight from the inside. Nothing from the outside could get in. She lay in bed a long time that night, staring at the ceiling, unable to sleep. She kept remembering Vickie dreamily doing a striptease in the cafeteria. What was wrong with the girl? She would remember to ask Stefan that next time she saw him. Thoughts of Stefan were pleasant, even with all the terrible things that had happened recently. Elena smiled in the darkness, letting her mind wander. Someday all this harassment would be over, and she and Stefan could plan a life together. Of course, he hadn’t actually said anything about that, but Elena herself was sure. She was going to marry Stefan, or no one. And Stefan was going to marry no one but her†¦ The transition into dreaming was so smooth and gradual that she scarcely noticed it. But she knew, somehow, that shewas dreaming. It was as if a little part of her was standing aside and watching the dream like a play. She was sitting in a long hallway, which was covered with mirrors on one side and windows on the other. She was waiting for something. Then she saw a flicker of movement, and Stefan was standing outside the window. His face was pale and his eyes were hurt and angry. She went over to the window, but she couldn’t hear what he was saying because of the glass. In one hand, he was holding a book with a blue velvet cover, and he kept gesturing to it and asking her something. Then he dropped the book and turned away. â€Å"Stefan, don’t go! Don’t leave me!† she cried. Her fingers flattened whitely on the glass. Then she noticed that there was a latch on one side of the window and she opened it, calling to him. But he had disappeared and outside she saw only swirling white mist. Disconsolately, she turned away from the window and began walking down the hall. Her own image glimmered in mirror after mirror as she went by them. Then something about one of the reflections caught her eye. The eyes were her eyes, but there was a new look in them, a predatory, sly look. Vickie’s eyes had looked that way when she was undressing. And there was something disturbing and hungry about her smile. As she watched, standing still, the image suddenly whirled around and around, as if dancing. Horror swept over Elena. She began to run down the hall, but now all the reflections had a life of their own, dancing, beckoning to her, laughing at her. Just when she thought her heart and lungs would burst with terror, she reached the end of the corridor and flung open a door. She was standing in a large and beautiful room. The lofty ceiling was intricately carved and inlaid with gold; the doorways were faced with white marble. Classical statues stood in niches along the walls. Elena had never seen a room of such splendor, but she knew where she was. In Renaissance Italy, when Stefan She looked down at herself and saw she was wearing a dress like the one she’d had made for Halloween, the ice blue Renaissance ball gown. But this dress was a deep ruby red, and around her waist she wore a thin chain set with brilliant red stones. The same stones were in her hair. When she moved, the silk shimmered like flames in the light of hundreds of torches. At the far end of the room, two huge doors swung inward. A figure appeared between them. It walked toward her, and she saw that it was a young man dressed in Renaissance clothing, doublet and hose and fur-trimmed jerkin. Stefan! She started toward him eagerly, feeling the weight of her dress swing from the waist. But when she got closer she stopped, drawing in a sharp breath. It was Damon. He kept on walking toward her, confident, casual. He was smiling, a smile of challenge. Reaching her, he put one hand over his heart and bowed. Then he held out the hand to her as if daring her to take it. â€Å"Do you like dancing?† he said. Except that his lips didn’t move. The voice was in her mind. Her fear drained away, and she laughed. What was wrong with her, to have ever been afraid of him? They understood each other very well. But instead of taking his hand, she turned away, the silk of the dress turning after her. She moved lightly toward one of the statues along the wall, not glancing back to see if he was following her. She knew he would. She pretended to be absorbed in the statue, moving away again just as he reached her, biting her lip to hold in the laughter. She felt wonderful right now, so alive, so beautiful. Dangerous? Of course, this game was dangerous. But she had always enjoyed danger. The next time he drew near her, she glanced at him teasingly as she turned. He reached out, but caught only the jeweled chain at her waist. He let go quickly, and, looking back, she saw that the pronged setting on one of the gems had cut him. The drop of blood on his finger was just the color of her dress. His eyes flashed at her sideways, and his lips curved in a taunting smile as he held the wounded finger up. You wouldn’t dare, those eyes said. Oh, wouldn’t I? Elena told him with her own eyes. Boldly, she took his hand and held it a moment, teasing him. Then she brought the finger to her lips. After a few moments, she released it and looked up at him. â€Å"Ido like dancing,† she said, and found that, like him, she could speak with her mind. It was a thrilling sensation. She moved to the center of the room and waited. He followed her, graceful as a stalking beast. His fingers were warm and hard when they clasped hers. There was music, although it faded in and out and sounded far away. Damon placed his other hand on her waist. She could feel the warmth of his fingers there, the pressure. She picked up her skirts, and they began dancing. It was lovely, like flying, and her body knew every move to make. They danced around and around that empty room, in perfect timing, together. He was laughing down at her, his dark eyes glittering with enjoyment. She felt so beautiful; so poised and alert and ready for anything. She couldn’t remember when she’d had this much fun. The room around her was blurring. She could see only his eyes, and they were making her feel more and more sleepy. She allowed her own eyes to half close, her head to fall back. She sighed. She couldfeel his gaze now, on her lips, on her throat. She smiled to herself and let her eyes close completely. He was supporting her weight now, keeping her from falling down. She felt his lips on the skin of her neck, burning hot as if he had a fever. Then she felt the sting, like the jabs of two needles. It was over quickly, though, and she relaxed to the pleasure of having her blood drawn out. She remembered this feeling, the feeling of floating on a bed of golden light. A delicious languor stole through all her limbs. She felt drowsy, as if it were too much trouble to move. She didn’t want to move anyway; she felt too good. Her fingers were resting on his hair, clasping his head to her. Idly, she threaded them through the soft dark strands. His hair was like silk, warm and alive under her fingers. When she opened her eyes a slit, she saw that it reflected rainbows in the candlelight. Red and blue and purple, just like – just like the feathers†¦ And then everything shattered. There was pain at her throat suddenly, as if her soul was being torn out of her. She was pushing at Damon, clawing at him, trying to force him away. Screams rang in her ears. Damon was fighting her, but it wasn’t Damon; it was a crow. Huge wings beat against her, thrashing in the air. Her eyes were open. She was awake and screaming. The ballroom was gone, and she was in a darkened bedroom. But the nightmare had followed her. Even as she reached for the light, it came at her again, wings thrashing in her face, sharp beak diving for her. Elena struck out at it, one hand flung up to protect her eyes. She was still screaming. She couldn’t get away from it, those terrible wings kept flailing frantically, with a sound like a thousand decks of cards being shuffled at once. The door burst open, and she heard shouts. The warm, heavy body of the crow struck her and her screams went higher. Then someone was pulling her off the bed, and she was standing protected behind Bonnie’s father. He had a broom and he was beating at the bird with it. Bonnie was standing in the doorway. Elena ran into her arms. Bonnie’s father was shouting, and then came the slam of a window. â€Å"It’s out,† Mr. McCullough said, breathing hard. Mary and Mrs. McCullough were just outside in the hallway, clad in bathrobes. â€Å"You’re hurt,† Mrs. McCullough said to Elena in amazement. â€Å"The nasty thing’s pecked you.† â€Å"I’m okay,† Elena said, brushing at a spot of blood on her face. She was so shaken that her knees were â€Å"How did it getin?† said Bonnie. Mr. McCullough was inspecting the window. â€Å"You shouldn’t have left this open,† he said. â€Å"And what did you want to take the locks off for?† â€Å"I didn’t,† Elena cried. â€Å"It was unlocked and open when I heard you screaming and came in,† Bonnie’s father said. â€Å"I don’t know who else could have opened it but you.† Elena choked back her protests. Hesitantly, cautiously, she moved to the window. He was right; the locks had been unscrewed. And it could have been done only from the inside. â€Å"Maybe you were sleepwalking,† said Bonnie, leading Elena away from the window as Mr. McCullough began putting the locks back on. â€Å"We’d better get you cleaned up.† Sleepwalking. Suddenly the entire dream flooded back to Elena. The hall of mirrors, and the ballroom, and Damon. Dancing with Damon. She pulled out of Bonnie’s grasp. â€Å"I’ll do it myself,† she said, hearing her own voice quaver on the edge of hysteria. â€Å"No – really – I want to.† She escaped into the bathroom and stood with her back to the locked door, trying to breathe. The last thing she wanted to do was look in a mirror. But at last, slowly, she approached the one over the sink, trembling as she saw the edge of her reflection, moving inch by inch until she was framed in the silvery surface. Her image stared back, ghastly pale, with eyes that looked bruised and frightened. There were deep shadows under them and smears of blood on her face. Slowly, she turned her head slightly and lifted up her hair. She almost cried out loud when she saw what was underneath. Two little wounds, fresh and open on the skin of her neck. How to cite The Vampire Diaries: The Struggle Chapter Eight, Essay examples

Critical Essay A Tale Of Two Cities Example For Students

Critical Essay A Tale Of Two Cities Jarvis Lorry, an employee of Tellsons Bank, was sent to find Dr. Manette, an unjustly imprisoned physician, in Paris and bring him back to England. Lucie, Manettes daughter who thought that he was dead, accompanied Mr. Lorry. Upon arriving at Defarges wine shop in Paris, they found Mr. Manette in a dreadful state and took him back to London with them. Mr. Manette could not rember why he had been imprisoned, or when he was imprisoned. He was in a state of Post Tramatic Stress Dis-order. All the years of imporisonment led to his insanity, his life was in danger almost every second of his imprisoned life. In 1780, five years later, Lucie, Mr. Lorry and Dr. Manette were called to testify against Charles Darnay, a tutor who made constant trips between France and England and was thus accused of treason. During these times both governments were very paranoid about anybody who had the aperence of commiting treason. Darney, since he travled back and forth between countries was a perfect suspect for treason. The French Government had just been overthrown by the beggars, and middle class and now run by them, the British on the other hand was still a monarchy and had awful factories and many slums, like France did. Darnay was acquitted when a lawyer, Carton, looked much like him and an eye witness faltered to positively distinguish between them. Carton loved Lucie but he was a drunk. Knowing that their relationship was hopeless, he stated that he would sacrifice himself for her or anyone she loved in an emotional conversation. Darnay ended up marrying Lucie. Darnays uncle, the Marquiuis St. Evremonde, was assassinated by the father of a child he ran over and Darnay inherited his Chateau. Darnay would not take it because he did not want to exploit the French people as his uncle did. In 1792, while the French Revolution was in full swing, Darnay decided to go to France to save a family servant, Gabelle. Upon his arrival, he was immediately jailed. Lucie and Dr. Manette soon showed up in Paris at the doorstep of Tellsons French office, where Lorry already was present. Dr. Manette managed to get Darnay released after a year, yet he was re-jailed the same day by Madame Defarge because his family, the Evremondes, had previously killed off her family. Darnay was tried the next day and sentenced to death. Manette went back into his demented state with hopelessness. Carton arrived in Paris and heard a plot by Defarge to also kill Lucie and Dr. Manette. Quickly, he made his way into the prison with the help of spies and, with his close resemblance, switched places with Darnay. Carton had arranged for the escape of Lucie, Darnay, and Dr. Manette. Madame Defarge had been killed by Miss Pross, a sort of stereotype nanny to Lucie, and escaped with Lucie. Carton sacrificed his life for Lucie, her father, and Darnay at the guillotine and thus died in triumph. Dickens  attempted to show his readers the power and dangers of a revolution. He had a clear underlying theme that oppression and exploitation by an aristocracy will cause a revolt by those being exploited, a fact that made the French Revolution inevitable. Throughout this book, it was visible that Dickens drew a connection between oppression and anarchy. Yet the power of love and sacrifice were, in the end, linked with a resurrection of society. Dickens purpose in writing this work was clearly and thoroughly carried out. The harsh treatment of the aristocracy towards the poor was constantly shown. In one case, the Marquis St. Evremonde ran over a peasant child and merely through a few coins at the father to compensate for this loss. The anarchy of the revolution was shown by the numerous mobs that roamed the streets of Paris. Many nobles had left France and there was no powerful government. Thus a direct connection was drawn between the oppression by the aristocracy and the outbreak of revolution turning quickly into anarchy. Dickens was biased with a sympathy for the victimized, especially for children. .u5a61503c98dec7dc1aefcc77796f3804 , .u5a61503c98dec7dc1aefcc77796f3804 .postImageUrl , .u5a61503c98dec7dc1aefcc77796f3804 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5a61503c98dec7dc1aefcc77796f3804 , .u5a61503c98dec7dc1aefcc77796f3804:hover , .u5a61503c98dec7dc1aefcc77796f3804:visited , .u5a61503c98dec7dc1aefcc77796f3804:active { border:0!important; } .u5a61503c98dec7dc1aefcc77796f3804 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5a61503c98dec7dc1aefcc77796f3804 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5a61503c98dec7dc1aefcc77796f3804:active , .u5a61503c98dec7dc1aefcc77796f3804:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5a61503c98dec7dc1aefcc77796f3804 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5a61503c98dec7dc1aefcc77796f3804 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5a61503c98dec7dc1aefcc77796f3804 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5a61503c98dec7dc1aefcc77796f3804 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5a61503c98dec7dc1aefcc77796f3804:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5a61503c98dec7dc1aefcc77796f3804 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5a61503c98dec7dc1aefcc77796f3804 .u5a61503c98dec7dc1aefcc77796f3804-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5a61503c98dec7dc1aefcc77796f3804:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Kite Runner - EssayThe idea that the victimized, when extorted for long enough, would revolt was a central idea behind this novel. The unjust imprisonment of Dr. Manette tore him apart. He could never truly escape from his prison experience and in moments of great stress reverted to the insanity which Mr. Lorry and Lucie had found upon him at Defarges. Darnay had been tried often and came close to conviction a number of times all due to the past actions of his family. He was a mere victim of the past. Dickens clearly showed strong support for Darnay and Dr. Manette not only in the outcome, where they successfully escaped France, but also throughout the story. When the peasant child was run over by Marquis St. Evremonde, Dickens showed a great deal of contempt for Evremonde, when he merely offered a few coins as his remorse, and created a sense that this was a terrible act. I have learned a great deal about life during the early French Revolution and viewed the anarchy with much internal depth while reading this novel. Members of the upper aristocracy were, in general, more conceited that I had previously thought them to be. Men like Monseigneur, a member of the ruling oligarchy, simply sat around most of the day finding ways to entertain themselves and caring little, if at all, for the welfare of France, nonetheless for anyone other than themselves. The numerous mobs were more volatile then I had expected. They roamed, destroying at random, and went on to a new task with little persuasion. Many mobs cheered in joy for Darnay when he was acquitted at his first trial in France but were just as excited when he was condemned to death the second time. Society in general during the French Revolution has become much clearer to me. I found this novel to be extremely well written. It was originally  a little difficult to understand until I became involved with the characters. At that point I had no problem following the plot, which actually became quite swift. The French Revolution was brilliantly displayed in all of its violence and anarchy. The underlying ideas of oppression and anarchy made it enjoyable to see how the characters interacted. I found Carton especially intriguing. He knew that Lucie would never court him, before and after her marriage to Darnay, yet he devoted his life to her and gave it up in the end for her. Despite all of the depressing aspects of the novel, Dickens theme of resurrection became much more visible towards the end and actually was quite inspiring. As Carton gave his life for Darnay and Lucie, his final vision of a better society left me with a hopeful attitude and seemed to be an extraordinary way to close.

Gonzales Family Murder- Research Paper free essay sample

Describe the factors that might have led to the criminal behaviour Prior to the offences being committed, Sef Gonzales was taking law subjects in A Bachelor of Art course at Macquarie University. He was struggling in these courses as he missed sitting for many exams and completing assignments. Once Sef’s parents (Teddy and Mary) found out about Sef’s poor exam performances, they warned Sef that if he didn’t improve in the next semester his car, which he was very attached too, would be taken off him. Sef’s parents also owned property in both the Philippines and Australia, and estimated worth of $1. million, the resulting will meant that if he was the only remaining child he would have ownership of his parent’s property, if he was not involved in the murders of his family. The incentive of great financial gain could of lead to the criminal behaviour that took place on the 10th of July 2001. We will write a custom essay sample on Gonzales Family Murder- Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The eventful day on the 10th of July 2001 was not in fact a spur of the moment decision, prior to the date Sef Gonzales actions took place. He previously tried to poison his mother (Mary Gonzales) with certain plant species he had ordered online (1st July 2001). She was taken to hospital, and the general result was a bad case of food poisoning. This incidence can show the murder of his family members were premeditated, as he previously had the intention to kill. Outline the reporting and investigation of the crime 11 months after the indictable offence was committed, Sef Gonzales was arrested by Strike Force Tawas, after they gained a search warrant of his unit. He was then taken to Chatswood police station where he was charged with the three counts of murder. Took eleven months before they arrested him, because of the strenuous investigation process which detectives (Detective Sergeant Bob Gibbs  amp; Detective Inspector Geoff Leonard) had to endure to account for the multiple alibis Sef Gonzales had put forward, in attempt to clear his name as a suspect. Alibis included being with a prostitute at the time of the murders, as well as trying to link the crime to a racial attack, reason for why he spray painted on a wall â€Å"f*ck off Asians KKK†. Explain the role of the courts After Mr. Gonzales was arrested he was taken to Hornsby local court for a hearing, where Sef Gonzales did not apply for bail, however he immediately wanted to enter three pleas of not guilty for the murders of his mother, father and sister. Two weeks later he had to attend another court hearing (at Hornsby local court) to determine whether there was enough evidence put forward by police to send Sef Gonzales to a criminal trial involving a jury. Magistrate Five days after the second hearing had begun, Deborah Sweeney (magistrate) found in favour of the police evidence. In June 2007 Gonzales was granted approval to appeal on the grounds that the statements that the police took on the night may be inadmissible, because he was not cautioned (i. e. anything you say or do can be used against you as evidence), the appeal was thrown out as there had been no miscarriage of justice. The sentence remains. Outline the role of legal representation In the case Regina v Gonzales legal representation was very present throughout the entire trial. Parties Regina-Government Sef Gonzales- Defendant Judge- James J Role of the judge is to make sure that the proper procedures are followed and she or he makes decisions about all questions of what the law is in relation to the particular case. Once jury make their unanimous decision, the judge determines the sentence. Defence barrister- Winston Terracini Mr Terracini job is to present the case for the defendant and test the prosecution’s evidence to show that there is not enough evidence in the prosecution’s case to find the defendant guilty. Prosecutor- Mark Tedeschi His job is to present the case towards the jury, with use of evidence to try and prove the defendant guilty. A police prosecutor will usually present the prosecution case which is known as the crown prosecutor, which is what occurred during this case. Jury- was made up of 6 men and 6 woman, their role is come up with a decision based on the evidence provided in the case, and have a sound mind that beyond reasonable doubt the defendant did commit the acts on the basis of the evidence provided. Guilty/not guilty must be a majority verdict. Identify the plea He pleaded not-guilty which resulted in the trial being established, he maintained his innocence even once the trial was over, all the evidence was put forward and the guilty verdict had been made along with the sentencing. He said he would not plead guilty to offences which he had not committed in order to make other people happy. If he had pleaded guilty and shown remorse, he could have been handed a lighter sentence. Discuss the factors that affect the sentencing decision * Age (he was only 20 when the murders were committed), currently enrolled n university- he was very young and still had a lot of life to live, also being enrolled in university which can indicate he was quite intelligent and could become and important Australian in the future * His defiant mindset of being innocence, 3 years after the indictable offence was committed, having no acceptance or responsibility of the murders. This mindset is dangerous as he truly believes his innocent and being let free could affect the community and the protection that every person deserves while living in Australia. The heinous of the murders and the suffering the victims would have been put through. Judge can take this into account and use his discretion about the sentencing and can provide closure for the deceased knowing that the culprit will be locked up for a very long time. Explain the penalty given After the guilty verdict was delivered by the jury, James J sentenced Sef Gonzales to three concurrent* life sentences of imprisonment, without the possibility of parole. Meaning he will stay in prison for his remaining life, with no legal way of getting out. Concurrent-  when a criminal defendant is convicted of two or more crimes, a judge sentences him to a certain period of time for each crime, the judge will rule that the sentences may all be served at the same time, with the longest period controlling. Analyse the extent to which the law balances the rights of victims and offenders With the gruesome events that transpired, I think it’s only necessary for Sef Gonzales to be locked up for life. The crime that he committed to his own family members was disgraceful, and was categorized as one of the most heinous murders been put to trial. For the victim’s friends I believe justice has been served. Sef Gonzales cut short three lives and being locked up for the rest of his life will provide closure for the associates of the three. Other Gonzales’ will have their own opinion on whether the right verdict was given along with the sentence. Having one of their own’commit these actions; it would be a very traumatic experience for other members directly related to Sef. The community will be safer with these types of people off the street. Sef’s attitude to the whole ordeal was unusual, however he did not suffer from any mental orders, and his belief that he was innocent would be very hard to believe, unless something in the brain wasn’t functioning correctly. From an outsider looking in, everything was done fairly and legally, from the arrest to the sentencing. I personally believe that justice has been served to the victims, the harshest sentenced has been given to Mr. Gonzales and is deserved. He took the lives of three people, not only people ut family. I believe if you take someone’s life away from them, yours deserves to be taken away too. Although we no longer have the death penalty, life in prison is justifiable. CASE SUMMARY On July 10 2001 Sef Gonzales murdered his sister Clodine 18; mother Mary Loiva Josephine 43, and his father Teddy 46, in their North Ryde home. He claimed that he had discovered the bodies when he arrived home, and that racist graffiti was sprayed on the wall. However as more evidence was unearthed, Sef emerged as a likely suspect. It was revealed that Sef attempted to cover up his academic failure by falsifying results, and when his parents found out they threatened to withdraw certain privileges such as the use of his car. At the same time, he had argued with his mother over a girlfriend she had disapproved of. These, along with the desire to inherit the familys fortune, were established as strong motives for Gonzales killing his parents and sister. After an eleven month investigation, Sef Gonzales was arrested and eventually sentenced to three terms of life imprisonment. Bibliography Gonzales granted appeal. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. smh. com. au/news/national/gonzales-wins-appeal/2007/06/05/1180809521647. html. Gonzales pawned jewellery, court told. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. smh. com. au/articles/2004/05/05/1083635209328. html. http://datasearch2. uts. edu. au/science/news-events/events-archived-detail. cfm? ItemId=21782. (n. d. ). http://legal-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/concurrent+sentence. (n. d. ). http://murderpedia. org/male. G/g/gonzales-sef. htm. (n. d. ). http://www. justice. qld. gov. au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/62545/vaq-guide-for-victims-of-crime-section-7. pdf. (n. . ). http://www. lawhandbook. sa. gov. au/ch11s03s06s01. php. (n. d. ). http://www. smh. com. au/articles/2003/08/28/1062050611564. html? from=storyrhs. (n. d. ). http://www. theage. com. au/articles/2002/06/13/1023864324229. html. (n. d. ). Sef Gonzales. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sef_Gonzales. Sef Gonzales loses appeal. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. smh. com. au/news/national/sef-gonzales-loses-appeal/2007/11/27/1196036850969. html. Supreme Court of New South Wales. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. austlii. edu. au/au/cases/nsw/supreme_ct/2004/822. html.

Water resources in Ancient Mesopotamia essays

Water resources in Ancient Mesopotamia essays Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt are two eras which helped mold the foundation for civilizations to come. The world that we live in now was built on their innovations in technology and through the use of the land and its natural resources. Now days water is something that we often take for granted, but in their time it was the essence of life. Without water, a food source cannot grow from the earth, a human could not fuel its body and animals would wither away like the dust of the Saudi desert. The people of Mesopotamia and Egypt understood this fact of life and built civilizations around it, which would bring success, kingdoms, great cities and eventually disparity. Through the next few passages I will attempt to bring to light the essential need of water and its effect on the people of both Mesopotamia and Egypt during a time when the world was just waking up. The land of Mesopotamia was located just north of the Persian Gulf and nestled between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Its southern region having access to the Persian Gulf made it a heavily populated area in Mesopotamia. To the east across the Arabian Desert runs the Nile River. The Nile River runs from the Mediterranean Sea with some of the richest soil in its riverbed in the world. The water resources in these two regions were vital in the agriculture of the land and in sustaining the people of these two civilizations. The name Mesopotamia comes from the Greek word meaning between rivers. Mesopotamia was centralized between the Tigris River and the Euphrates River. The two rivers were the basis for wealth in the land of Mesopotamia both economically and agriculturally. Water was not vast throughout the region of Mesopotamia and had to be drawn from the rivers through irrigation ditches dug by the settlers. Through recent satellite imagery we can correlate the irrigation flow from the two rivers to what we know were ...

Formal Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Formal Analysis - Essay Example Nevertheless, he also paid attention to other living on the peripheral of the world. Of particular concerns were Allerinas seen in his dances, resting, or perhaps performing. From this group, Edgar learned much and was a impressed by the dancing. In this particular sculpture, it speaks volume about the Spanish Dance, at that time. The pose and line illustrate the moves of the dance. Edgar Degas’ sculpture stands out among the art mainstream of 19th century French sculpture. He did not have any intentions of making public monuments and it was until his death that most of his sculpture were casted and displayed in national museums. Most of his sculptures were modeled using wax to maintain an acute pose. One of his works that appeared in public limelight is â€Å"Little Dancer of14 years† though it was faced with criticism and never did he again publicly exhibit his work. The rest of his works remained private; similar to the sketches and drawings on small range of subjects that seemed to fascinate him (Guggenheim 2015). The sculpture on human figure often repeated the same subject with varying composition or change of muscular tension with the body. Edgar had a ready source of inspiration from ballet dancers of the Opera, from Paris. Others sculpture recorded images of women in nudity when washing and drying their body. Edgar Degas was born in 1843 from an affluent banking family and had his education in the classics including Greek, Latin and ancient history in Paris. His father realized his son artistic gift and helped him develop his career by often taking him to museums. Through many interactions, Edgar started to develop his artistic skills. He trained in Louis Lamothe studio who taught him on traditional academics style with a major concern in line and insistence on the draftsmanship. One of his trips in Italy, he was attracted to the frescoes he saw there and made sketches and drawing about them in his notebook. Upon Edgars’ death

Natural gas industry n Mexico and South America - Outlook Case Study

Natural gas industry n Mexico and South America - Outlook - Case Study Example Energy Information Administration 1-57). This reserve of natural gas was valued at 688 trillion cubic feet. Mexico and South America are the major exporters of natural gas and mainly the United States imported natural gas from these regions. However, the United States has now developed its own reserve of natural gas and crude oil and thus, domestic production has become a substitute of its imports. Almost 80% of the total natural gas that is produced in the region of Mexico and South America is generally circulated to the neighboring nations in terms of exports and imports through pipelines (U.S. Energy Information Administration 1-57). The rest is traded domestically in the form of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). With the increase in Shale gas in these regions, it is expected that exports of natural gas would increase. There are also propositions to expand the Panama Canal and this would help to distribute LNG efficiently. The easy availability of resources concerning hydrocarbons and the feasibility to use advanced technology has enable the increase in natural gas production. Investment by companies in natural gas has also increased. Countries which are more open to foreign investments and have less restrictions and regulation related to foreign taxes and business operations, invite and encourage more companies for investment (U.S. Energy Information Administration 1-57). Brazil in South America has an investment friendly environment for the foreign companies and Mexico is on the process of adopting energy policies that would encourage foreign investment. Massive investment in these regions has been made by China (Economides and Wood 1-13). The above figure shows the natural gas reserves and resources of the various regions of America. The area of interest in this study aims to throw light on the trends and pattern in Mexico and South America. Countries like Venezuela, Argentina, Colombia and Ecuador helps to

Problem of heroin addiction and its treatment

Problem of heroin addiction and its treatment Heroin is a highly addictive both physically and psychologically drug of an opiate group. Its usage has serious effects on body such as destruction of bone tissues and teeth, (opiates wash-out calcium), hepatocholecystitis (heroine is transformed into morphine in liver), acute hepatic failure, collapsed veins, infection of the heart lining and valves, abscesses and pneumonia. It also may lead to hepatitis and HIV due to usage of dirty syringes, tuberculosis and fetal effects. It changes persons perception of reality and might cause a destructive, violent and criminal behavior which have a devastating impact on society. When opiate drugs are taken they change into morphine which has a similar structure to endorphins which are normally used for reduction of pain. They stimulate the brain and are responsible for lifting a persons mood, helping that person feel motivated for everyday purposes by blocking receptors in synapses between neurons. When a drug is taken the receptors are blocke d with morphine instead, however it takes more time to decompose and an organism stops produce endorphins. As a result an addict dies within six months to one year after beginning to use the opiate. If a drug is not being taken, an addict feels a phantom pain which is very difficult to bear, this is an abstinence syndrome. At this time his or her organism goes through detoxication which includes diarrhea, muscles pain (cramp), headache, vomiting, fever and insomnia. Heroin is a relatively cheap drug and therefore can be easily obtained by young people and its usage often causes fatality from both physical effect and actions during altered consciousness. Treatment of heroin addiction is a difficult, lengthy and complex process, consisting of three main components: removal of physiological addiction, removal of psychological addiction and social rehabilitation. Nowadays there is no clear position on medical treatment of heroin addiction and scientists are trying to find a solution. 1.2 ab At present Opiate replacement therapy (ORT) is one of possible solutions for physiological removal. Essentially, the method is to provide a substance abuser with a drug with the similar biochemical effects on the body but having the lowest possible narcotic effect. A dose of replacement drug is slowly and gradually decreased. The therapy may take 5 8 years. At the expense of this metabolic state of physiological of non-drug users is achieved. The most common drug used as a replacement is methadone and a therapy is known as methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). Methadone is an agonist (substance or drug that can interact with receptors and initiate a physiological or pharmacological characteristics of the response of the receptor, triggering a chain of intracellular biochemical processes in the body) taken orally and rapidly absorbed to plasma within thirty minutes of being ingested. It is also stored in body tissues and gradually released when needed. It creates tolerance so a pati ent cannot feel a narcotic effect. A dose (25-150 mg to avoid tolerance) of methadone reduces withdrawal symptoms and at the same time and craving for a drug stabilizing rate of metabolism. The effect lasts for from 24 to 36 hours. The goal of methadone maintenance treatment is socialization of addicts, the abolition of their intravenous drug use, conducted strictly under the supervision of specialists. C:Usersà Ã‚ ¤Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ ° à Ã…“à Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Desktopissue report à Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ ¬!!!!methadone.gif The graph clearly shows that theoretically methadone detoxication is effective and fast. It shows best result when used in long-term. Studies show that methadone maintenance treatment drastically reduces illegal opiate use, criminal behavior, risky sexual practices, and the transmission of HIV. Methadone is not harmful for any major organs even when taken for many years. . However the skin becomes waxy or yellowish color because the methadone completely deprives the body of calcium (osteoporosis). A person feels pain in the bones, they become brittle and break easily In addition, every person has unique dosage needs. People metabolize methadone differently, and therefore doses should not be capped by maximum recommendations. To avoild overdose the healthcare provider should evaluate cessation of drug cravings and the reduction of withdrawal symptoms to determine the ideal methadone dosage. In 2005, more than 4,000 people fatally overdosed on methadone or methadone and other drugs together. Many of these people were using high doses of methadone in an unsupervised effort to treat pain, or were illicitly using methadone for recreational purposes. When methadone is used in complex with social rehabilitation it gives good results. Psychotherapy largely determines the stability of the effect of drug therapy, duration and quality of remissions. Psychotherapy will not be effective in the absence of an addict desires to get rid of drug addiction. 2.1 One of the implications to the problem is that patients are selected strictly to enter the program. In Sweden, for example, there are strict criteria for methadone treatment: a minimum of four years of opiate addiction confirmed by medical records, an indication of a history of unsuccessful passage of many other forms of therapy, presence of medical indications for methadone maintenance therapy, must be older than 20 and not have any other addictions except for opiate. It is very difficult to overcome the addiction and follow all of the rules without any support. As a result an intense social rehabilitation is a very important on a long way of getting better. However some countries where heroin addiction is common do not poses such social program. If a full complex is used 10-20% of people overcome the addiction, however 10-15% return to uncontrolled drug abuse. If the replacement therapy is used commonly as the only solution for treatment of all opiate dependencies, it would decrease efficiency of prophylactic actions and would be seen as an easy way to escape responsibilities and implications after using a drug by beginner drug abusers. This consequently would increase usage of drugs overall. In many countries methadone is forbidden due to its narcotic effect when used not for medical purposes. If Federal Drug Control service makes a mistake, it will raise illegal methadone traffic. For example while methadone maintenance therapy in Lithuania number of drug addicts increased 8 times. Furthermore, when methadone treatment became very popular in Belorussia in 2004, as a result 3.5times more of methadone was withdrawn by the police from illegal traffic and 2 times less of heroin. Recently, The Independent raised a question of drug addiction in Russia. It is forbidden to use replacement therapy especially methadone to treat addicts, the government is against this however the scientists are sure in the need to run the program. Researches state that the rate of HIV spread would decrease drastically (around 55% if the MMT is used). The treatment has advantages and disasvantages. MMT is relatively cheap ($13 per day) but effective at the same time. (Office of National Drug Control Policy, 1998a). MMT reduces the spread of HIV/AIDS infection, hepatitis B and C, tuberculosis, and sexually transmitted diseases (COMPA, 1997). Heroin users are known to share needles and participate in at-risk sexual activity and prostitution, which are significant factors in the spread of many diseases. Research suggests that MMT significantly decreases the rate of HIV infection for those patients participating in MMT programs (Firshein, 1998). The patient remains physically dependent on the opioid, but is freed from the uncontrolled, compulsive, and disruptive behavior seen in heroin addicts. Withdrawal from methadone is much slower than that from heroin. As a result, it is possible to maintain an addict on methadone without harsh side effects. There is a huge risk if a person stays on methadone for longer than 14 days; there is an 80 percent chance that he or she will stay with their methadone maintenance treatment for six months or longer. A lot of patients need a treatment over a period of years. There are some alternative solutions which should be mentioned: Buprenorphine maintenance treatment. It has its advantages : Low likelihood of overdose. Relatively easier withdrawal Less side effects. Some patients may be taken every other day in an appropriate dosage. The optimal dose blocks the action of other opiates (but not for such a long period, such as methadone) because of which it becomes impossible to supplementation of illegal drugs However there are some disadvantages to consider: Withdrawal syndrome is not always eliminated, not all drug addicts, can occur when the transition from heroin and other opium derivatives. Enhances the side effects of tranquilizers, antipsychotics, which may lead to overdose if their joint application. High cost of medication. 2. Apomorphine treatment

Tok Titles for the 2011-2012

These are the following titles that were given for 2011-2012. 1600 words need to be written. 1. Knowledge is generated through the interaction of critical and creative thinking. Evaluate this statement in two areas of knowledge. 2. Compare and contrast knowledge which can be expressed in words/symbols with knowledge that cannot be expressed in this way. Consider CAS and one or more areas of knowledge. 3. Using history and at least one other area of knowledge, examine the claim that it is possible to attain knowledge despite problems of bias and selection. . When should we discard explanations that are intuitively appealing? 5. What is it about theories in the human sciences and natural sciences that makes them convincing? 6. ‘It is more important to discover new ways of thinking about what is already known than to discover new data or facts'. To what extent would you agree with this claim? 7. ‘The vocabulary we have does more than communicate our knowledge; it shapes what we can know'. Evaluate this claim with reference to different areas of knowledge. . Analyse the strengths and weaknesses of using faith as a basis for knowledge in religion and in one area of knowledge from the ToK diagram. 9. As an IB student, how has your learning of literature and science contributed to your understanding of individuals and societies? 10. ‘Through different methods of justification, we can reach conclusions in ethics that are as well-supported as those provided in mathematics. ‘ To what extent would you agree?

Autism and Mental Retardation Essay

Respond to the following: 1. List the primary features of autism. Children with autism are unresponsive to others, uncommunicative, repetitive, and rigid their symptoms usually appear before the age of three. An autistic individual will have difficulty sustaining employment, accomplishing household responsibilities, and leading independent lives. Furthermore, they express having problems displaying closeness and empathy and have limited interests and activities. The characteristics seem to be pronounced as indifferent in physical care and affectionate expressive interest in those who are taking care of them. Verbal communication and language impairments and inability to use speech are often primary features of autism. Some autistic individuals may exhibit Echolalia a echoing of phrases used without apparent understanding. Some may even repeat sentences a week later, this is called delayed echolalia. Their variation of speech difficulties include; paranormal reversal, difficulty in naming objects, lack of verbal understanding and use of suitable ton e in their voice while talking. Some noticeable characteristics that often expose autism are their lack of imagination while playing, rigid, abnormal and repetitive behaviors, failure to accept environmental change and obsession with animate things and inanimate things. They express repetitive and unusual motor movements like flapping their hands, and odd facial expressions. Below is a checklist the DSM has provided for a guideline to diagnosis of autism. 1. A total of at least six items from the following groups of symptoms: A. Impairment in social interaction, as manifested by at least two of the following: (a) Marked impairment in the use of multiple nonverbal behaviors such as eye-to-eye gaze, facial expression, body postures, and gestures to regulate social interaction. (b) Failure to develop peer relationships appropriately. (c) Lack of spontaneous seeking to share enjoyment, interests, or achievements with other people. (d) Lack of social or emotional reciprocity. B. Impairment in communication, as manifested by at least one of the  following: (a) Delay in or total lack of, the development of spoken language. (b) In individuals with adequate speech, marked impairment in the ability to start or sustain a conversation with others. (c) Stereotyped and repetitive use of language, or idiosyncratic language. (d) Lack of varied, spontaneous make-believe play or social imitative play. C. Restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities, as manifested by at least one of the following: (a) Abnormal preoccupation with one or more stereotyped and restricted patterns of interest. (b) Inflexible adherence to specific nonfunctional routines or rituals. (c) Stereotyped and repetitive motor mannerisms (e.g., hand or finger flapping or twisting). (d) Persistent preoccupation with parts of objects. 2. Prior to 3 years of age, delay or abnormal functioning in either social interaction, language, or symbolic or imaginative play. 2. Which explanation for autism is no longer considered valid and lacks research support? The sociocultural model lacks support and the theory suggests that autism could progress through particular personality characteristics of the parents. These characteristics generated unfavorable development and contributed to the development of the disorder. This theory is no longer considered. 3. What forms of treatment are helpful for a person with autism? The treatment that is helpful for a person with autism is behavioral therapy, communication training, parent training, and community integration. Psychotropic drugs and certain vitamins have at times aided when joined with other approaches. Behavioral therapies consist of therapist using modeling and operant conditioning. In modeling they exhibit a chosen behavior and direct the individual to reproduce it. In operant conditioning, they reinforce such behaviors, first by shaping them, breaking them down so they can be learned step by step and then rewarding each step visibly and consistently. These measures often create more purposeful behaviors and long term achievements. Communication Training is a therapy that is often taught to those individuals who remain speechless. They are taught other forms of communication, including sign language and simultaneous communication, a method combining sign language and speech. They also learn  to use augmentative communication systems, such as communication boards or computers that use pictures, symbols, or written words to represent objects or needs. In some programs teachers try to recognize essential underlined forcers rather than insignificant ones like food or candy. They encourage participation in choosing an item they want and then encouraging them to ask for it with questions like; what’s that? Where is it? And whose is it? The studies have found that child- directed interventions increase self-initiated communications, language development, and social participation. Parenting training programs train parents so they can apply behavioral techniques at home. They are provided with instruction manuals, and teachers do home visits. Individual therapy and support groups help parents of autistic children deal with their own emotions and needs. Community integration is a great tool for autistic individuals, In today’s school and home based programs there are programs for autism children to teach self-help, self-management, and living, social, and work skills as early as possible to help children function better in their communities. There have been many workshops and group homes available now for teenagers and young adults with autism to help them become a part of their communities. These types of programs give parents a since of relief as their child will always need supervision. 4. List the criteria for a diagnosis of mental retardation: The DSM-IV-TR gives guidelines to the diagnosis of mental retardation. Individuals need to display general intellectual functioning that is well below average, in combination with poor adaptive behavior. As well as having a low IQ score of 70 or below. There should be notable difficulty in communication, home living, self-direction, work or safety. These symptoms should appear before the age of 18. 5. Explain one way in which sociocultural biases in testing might pose problems for assessing mental retardation. Sociocultural biased in testing that might pose a problem for assessing mental retardation is IQ testing. IQ testing in some children has caused them to be labeled retarded when they had trouble speaking the language at a level that would establish their IQ. 6. Of the four levels of mental retardation, into which category do most  people with mental retardation fall? Mild level – IQ ranges from 50 – 70. â€Å"They are sometimes called â€Å"educably retarded† because they can benefit from schooling and can support themselves as adults† (Cromer, 2011). 7. What are the main types of biological causes of mental retardation? The main types of biological causes of mental retardation are Down syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, and fragile X syndrome. 8. What is the only way to prevent fetal alcohol syndrome? The only way to prevent fetal alcohol syndrome is to not drink during pregnancy. 9. What are normalization and mainstreaming? Normalization and mainstreaming are educational terms; they reference the settlement of mentally retarded individuals within ordered classrooms. This is to make sure these individuals can intermingle and learn along with typical fellow students. The school systems have made adjustments and adaptations to their core curriculum and the teaching given to the mentally retarded child. 10. What is your opinion about mainstreaming and normalization for children and adults with autism or mental retardation? I agree with mainstreaming for a person who is suffering from autism or mental retardation. Autism runs in my family, and I have a cousin who is the same as age as I am and she did not receive mainstreaming when she was younger and she is severely handicapped I believe because of this. On the other hand, our classrooms are overcrowded and teachers are experiencing challenges within the so called â€Å"normal† population. Labeling these individuals at such an early age incorporates stereotyping within the classroom and can cause even more hardship for those individuals. My ex-husband’s brother had an autistic child who is thriving and even attending college classes at a University. He did have special schooling and went to private therapies. His success was through behavioral therapy and parenting training. I would say mainstreaming should be considered on the level of the disorder. If the disorder is extreme, then consideration should be given to the teacher and her other thirty something students. It is a hard question when in fact someone could be mildly retarded or highly retarded and the school system really needs to know just where the individual stands with their language ability and social ability. Resource: Comer, R. J. (2011). Fundamentals of abnormal psychology (6th ed.). New York, NY.

Teacher-Student Interaction Essay - 2093 Words

Teacher-Student Interaction Being able to determine what teachers expect from students and what students expect from teachers is the key to creating positive classrooms that work. Teacher-Student interaction is a two way street; The students relate to the teachers, and the teachers relate to the students. If teachers develop and build upon self-esteem and mutual respect within their classrooms, the teachers will achieve positive relationships with the students. Many years ago, power relationships and authority figures in our society were clearly defined. Dad ruled the household; moms and kids complied. Bosses ruled the work-place, and the workers who were brave enough to challenge them would lose their jobs. Within this ranking order†¦show more content†¦There comes a time when the students want to share their ideas to their professors and their professors and their classmates. But the fear that holds the student back by not allowing him/her to speak up is the fear of refusal and humiliation. Many stud ents fear that by voicing their personal opinions, the professor will not only turn their back on them but give the student a bad grade for not agreeing with the professors views. In the case of the maverick student, the professor allowed the other students to embarrass the maverick student. The class learned that bringing out such controversial views would carry a high social cost. They would be less likely to repeat the error of their fellow student (Chenney 113). Many students ideas and point of view are not respected by the professor and the students. In the case of the maverick student, the professor should not have allowed his classmates to embarrass him. There are ways that a professor and students can express their own views without having to attack someone else. 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